
Farhana Roslan
Head of the Research Team
Farhana currently heads the Research Team at PNBRI. Her research interests include the political economy, particularly the intersection of business and government, as well as labour market institutions in market economies. Farhana spent seven years in investment research before pivoting into public policy, with stints in the federal government and the United Nations Development Program. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Accounting and Finance from the London School of Economics and a Master of Public Policy from the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
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Anis Farhana Amran
Research Associate
Anis is a Research Associate at PNBRI. Her research interests lie in education equity and gender inequalities, particularly how structural barriers intersect to shape access to opportunity. She is especially interested in how these dynamics influence education-to-labour market transitions and broader questions of inclusive development. She holds a BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics from the University of Southampton. Anis aspires to contribute towards a Malaysia that nurtures and uplifts diverse talents, paving the way for all to realise their potential.
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Dr. Ahmad Farhan Roslan
Senior Research Associate
Dr. Farhan is a Senior Research Associate at PNBRI. He holds a PhD in Built Environment from the University of Salford, where he studied urban resilience, climate change, and disaster risk reduction. His previous work centred on digital transformation in engineering and the built environment, an area in which he is particularly passionate. With experience in academia and industry on local and international research projects, he is highly adept at translating research findings into practical recommendations. He aspires to improve the built environment in ways that benefit society and the country.
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This discussion paper explores whether today’s entry-level employees in Malaysia’s private sector are significantly better off than those who entered the workforce 25 years ago, accounting for education level and inflation. Using data from 26 editions of the Malaysian Employers Federation’s (MEF) Salary Survey (1997–2022), the study provides one of the most comprehensive long-term analyses of private sector entry-level salaries in the country, covering tertiary, secondary, and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) graduates. Findings reveal that real wage growth has been largely stagnant, with inflation-adjusted salaries for higher-educated employees declining over time. Three major trends are identified: (i) minimum wage implementation has improved wage growth for lower-qualified employees; (ii) the wage premium for higher education has shrunk; and (iii) while TVET graduates continue to earn slightly less in absolute terms, their wages have grown faster than those of their academic counterparts, narrowing the gap. These trends carry important implications for wage policies, the value of higher education, and the role of TVET in shaping future labour market outcomes.